Protective Roles of Exercise and Nutritional Factors for Immune System During Delta Variant-COVID-19 Outbreaks: Evidence Review and Practical Recommendations

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a deadly viral infection causing death due to impaired immunity. Therefore, an investigation of factors affecting the immune system should be considered. It is well documented that regular sessions of moderate-intensity exercise training with up to 1-hour duration boost the immune functions through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Besides, a diet containing functional and nutritious foods is also needed to aid the immune system. Herein, we have summarized available data on how exercise and nutritional factors help promote immunity against various infections. More importantly, this review provides practical and valuable guidance for sedentary adult people and nonprofessional athletes on how to do aerobic and resistance training and stretching exercises at home with no special types of equipment required during the outbreaks of delta variant-COVID-19. Some significant exercise-related nutritional considerations regarding carbohydrates, fibers, vitamins, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids were also supplied that help to create better adaptations and improve immune responses.

Ramadan Fasting During the COVID-19 Pandemic; Observance of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Criteria for Improving the Immune System.

Fasting is one of the religious rituals of Muslims worldwide who refrain from eating foods and liquids every year during Ramadan. This year (2020), Ramadan is very different from previous years due to the outbreak of a terrible microscopic giant called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pandemic COVID-19 has made Ramadan very important this year because the virus has infected millions of people around the world and killed thousands, especially people with immunodeficiency. In dealing with COVID-19, maintaining good hygiene and supporting the immune system are effective, preventive approaches. Moderate exercise training and proper nutrition are the most important factors to support immune function. Lack of facilities, poor health and many traditions that lead to public community gatherings have made many Islamic countries susceptible to this dangerous virus. In such an unprecedented situation, there are many Muslims who doubt whether they can fast or not. Therefore, the proposal of usable exercise programs and effective nutritional strategies is imperative. In this study, we will look at the proposed health effects of fasting and its impact on the immune system, the effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on resting values and responses of immunological/antioxidant biomarkers in elite and recreational athletes, together with the important health, nutrition, and exercise advice that fasting people need to follow in the event of a COVID-19 outbreak.